星明天文台

国内外享有盛誉的业余天文台，在这里汇聚了众多的顶尖爱好者。我们致力于彗星，小行星，超新星，新星等各类新天体的发现。

Guide to Minor Body Astrometry小天体天文测量指南

教程资料

本网页的英文原版

版权属于CBAT/MPC/ICQ

　　本翻译属于非官方内容，如果在中文版本出现了与原英文网页的不同，请以英文网页为主。本网页的翻译及发布得到MPC的授权认可。

翻译：高兴 2006年2月

This guide is intended for those observers interested in undertaking an astrometric CCD-observing program of minor planet and/or comets. 
本指南提供给那些用CCD拍摄小行星和/或彗星并打算对其进行天文测量的观测者们。

This document was last updated 2006 Jan. 22. 
以下文本最后更新时间是2006年1月22日

The following questions will be posed, then answered: 问题罗列及解答

  1. What equipment do I need? [Updated 2003 Jan. 23] 
    我需要什么设备？[最后更新2003年1月23日]
  2. What sort of CCD should I use? 
    我应该使用什么类型的CCD？
  3. How do I make measurements? 
    我该如何测量？
  4. Where should I obtain my comparison star coordinates? [Updated 2002 Sept. 18] 
    我该从哪里获得匹配的比较星坐标？[最后更新2002年9月18日]
  5. What corrections should I apply to the derived positions? 
    对于得到的比较星表，我需要做什么样的修正？
  6. How do I obtain an accurate time? 
    我如何获得一个精确的时间？
  7. What do I report? 
    如何上报？
  8. Are there any recommendations regarding e-mail? [Updated 2004 Feb. 4] 
    对于使用的EMAIL有什么建议呢？[最后更新2004年2月4日]
  9. What if I use spam-blocking systems? [Added 2005 Oct. 31]
    如果我使用了垃圾邮件过滤会怎么样？
  10. What are some common mistakes? 
    常见错误有那些？
  11. Can I report approximate or preliminary measures? 
    我能否上报初步的或粗略的测量结果？
  12. The observation format requires an observatory code. I don’t have a code. How do I get one? [Updated 2003 May 22] 
    观测报告需要一个观测站编号而我没有，我该如何获得？[添加2003年5月22日]
  13. Does my observatory code move with me? [Added 2002 Dec. 12] 
    我的观测站编号是否可以随我移动？[添加2002年12月12日]
  14. Are there any restrictions on my observatory’s name? 
    对我的观测站的名字有什么要求和限制吗？
  15. How do I begin? [Updated 2004 Nov. 7] 
    我将如何开始呢？[最后更新2004年11月7日]
  16. How many observations should I make of each object? 
    对每个目标，我需要做多少次的观测？
  17. What objects should I be observing?
    什么样的目标需要观测？
  18. What quality of measurements should I aim to produce? 
    对于测量质量有什么要求？
  19. Do I need to identify objects? [Updated 2005 Oct. 31]
    我需要鉴别被测量的目标吗？[最后更新2005年10月31日]
  20. How do I know that the Minor Planet Center has received my observations? [Updated 2003 Aug. 2] 
    我如何知道小行星中心认可了我的观测数据？[最后更新2003年8月2日]
  21. What about batches containing observations from two or more observatory codes? [Added 2005 Oct. 31] 
    如果观测包含两个或更多的观测站编号该如何处理？[添加2005年10月31日]
  22. A message to the MPC bounced. Do I need to resend it? [Added 2004 Oct. 1] 
    上报被MPC退回，我需要再次上报吗？[添加2004年10月1日]
  23. I think I have something new. How do I get a provisional designation assigned to it? [Updated 2005 Feb. 2] 
    我认为我发现了新目标，我如何获得临时编号呢？[最后更新2005年2月2日]
  24. What is the difference between reporting two-nighter and single-nighter new objects? [Updated 2006 Jan. 22]
    对于新目标，上报单晚数据和两晚数据有什么不同呢？[最后更新2006年1月22日]
  25. Who gets credit when single nighters are linked? [Updated 2005 May 20]
    如果你的单晚数据和别人的数据有联系，谁将被认证？[最后更新2005年5月20日]
  26. What objects go on to the NEOCP? 
    什么样的目标将继续出现再NEOCP（近地小行星等待确认网页）
  27. How long does it take to assign a new provisional designation? [Updated 2005 May 20] 
    确认一个新的发现需要多长时间？[最后更新2005年5月20日]
  28. How do I understand the designations the Center sends me? [Updated 2005 Jan. 28] 
    我如何理解小行星中心给我的确认编号信？[最后更新2005年1月28日]
  29. What’s the best way to follow-up a new discovery? 
    发现一个新目标后最佳的持续观测是什么？
  30. What about coverage on a single night? 
    在一个晚上的观测数据中至少要延续多长的观测时间？
  31. What if I can’t follow-up a new discovery? 
    如果我无法对我发现的新目标持续观测该如何办？
  32. Should I separate my comet and minor-planet observations when submitting them? [Updated 2002 Nov. 27] 
    在上报的时候，我是否需要将彗星和小行星测量数据分开上报？[最后更新2002年11月27日]
  33. Should I check my observations before reporting them to the Center? 
    在上报之前，我是否需要核对我的测量数据？
  34. How quickly are observations processed by the MPC? 
    MPC处理我的观测数据一般需要多长时间？
  35. What’s the best way to get my discovery numbered? [Update 2002 Dec. 15] 
    让我发现的小行星获得正式编号的最佳方法是什么？[最后更新2002年12月15日]
  36. When can I name my discovery? 
    我什么时候可以为我的发现命名？
  37. What names are acceptable? 
    什么样的名字是可以被认可的？
  38. How do I write the citation and submit the name? [Added 2000 Jan. 29] 
    我该如何写申请命名报告？[添加2000年1月29日]
  39. How long does it take for the name to be approved? [Added 2000 Dec. 2] 
    命名被认可需要多长时间？[添加2000年12月2日]
  40. What happens to accepted observations? 
    观测数据被接受后会发生什么？
  41. What is the purpose of the contact details? 
    要求填写详细联系方式的目的是什么？
  42. What (p)recovered objects get MPECs? [Updated 2002 December 26] 
    重复发现或前期发现将如何在MPEC被确定？[最后更新2002年12月26日]
  43. I’m interested in photometry… [Added 2003 Aug. 13] 
    我对光度测定有兴趣，那么……[添加2003年8月13日]

  1. What equipment do I need?我需要什么设备？

    Almost any type of telescope will do (reflector or refractor). You will need to know the focal length of your telescope and the physical size of your CCD’s pixels to calculate the pixel scale. Your setup should be such that the pixel scale is no greater than 2″/pixel (preferably) or 3″/pixel (at worst). In practice, your optimal pixel scale is something that you will have to determine for yourself, taking into consideration the capabilities of your telescope and CCD and the seeing at your site. If your pixel scale is much larger than the values quoted above, then the quality of the astrometry will suffer. If your pixel scale is too low for your local setup, then the signal-to-noise of the images may be low as each image is spread over a large number of pixels. 
    几乎所有类型的望远镜都可以（反射或折射等）。你必须了解望远镜的焦距以及CCD的物理像素大小以便计算像素分辨率。 按要求，你的CCD像素比例不要比2″/像素大很多，最多不超过3″/像素。事实上，考虑到望远镜、CCD及视宁度等因素，正确的像素分辨率需要实测。如果你的像素分辨率比上面要求大很多的话，那么可能导致天文测量的测量品质下降，但如果你的像素分辨率比上面要求的小很多，则会导致图片的信噪比下降，因为每个目标占据了过多的像素。
    （计算像素分辨率的公式是3600*arctan(像素大小/望远镜焦距) 译者）    You will also need a computer to capture the images and software to perform the reductions. Most astrometry software packages use the Guide Star Catalogue, so a CD-ROM drive is also required. Various software packages are advertised in popular astronomy magazines: 
    你还需要一台计算机去捕获图片，以及相应的软件进行天文数据分类。很多天文软件包都使用引导星目录库，所以配置一个光驱也视必要的。在很多天文科普杂志上都刊登有相应软件的广告，如下一些：

    An accurate clock/watch set to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a must and this must be checked regularly (as a minimum, at the start of each observing session) against a reliable standard. 
    你的记时工具必须使用标准的世界时，而且必须经常和可靠的标准校对（至少每次观测前必须这么做）。

    Access to e-mail is also important, both for reporting observations to and receiving designations from the Minor Planet Center (MPC). 
    E-mail也很重要，向MPC上报和收到确认都需要它。

  2. What sort of CCD should I use?我应该使用什么类型的CCD？

    It is not our place to recommend specific brands of CCDs. A look through any popular astronomy magazine shows that there are a variety of CCDs available. The CCD that is right for you depends on your computer system and on how much you want to spend. 
    在这里不便做任何CCD的广告，在很多天文科普杂志上都有相关广告供选择，主要依赖于你的经济实力以及你的计算机所使用的系统。

  3. How do I make measurements?我该如何测量？

    The exact details of how you will make measurements on your images and perform the reductions will depend on the software package you are using. In broad terms, you will determine pixel x,y for the centers of a number of comparison stars of known position (at least three comparison stars, preferably as many as are on the image) and the minor bodies in each image. Using these x,y measurements (determined to a fraction of a pixel) and the comparison star coordinates (taken from a suitable reference catalogue [see below]), the program should then do a least-squares plate-constants (LSPC) solution to derive the unknown coordinates of the minor bodies. Be suspicious of any package that does not do a proper LSPC solution! 
    如何准确的测量以及进行天文数据分类依赖于你所使用的软件。大体来说，你需要在每张图片中测定一些位置已知的比较星的亮度中心的像素坐标（至少三颗比较星，当然越多越好）以及小行星的像素坐标。利用这些像素坐标以及比较星的坐标（从一些合适的比较星星表[见下]获得），软件将进行一个LSPC（底片常数最小二乘法）操作来计算小行星的坐标， 很多软件做不到这一点。You should not attempt to derive positions by overlaying charts on your images or by estimating positions by eye. The accuracy of these positions will not be sufficient. 
    你不该企图用目测或覆盖制图的方式估计坐标。这样不准确。

  4. Where should I obtain my comparison star coordinates?我该从哪里获得匹配的比较星坐标？

    Most CCD fields tend to be rather small (a few tens of arcminutes wide) and this has in the past precluded the use of traditional standard astrometric catalogues. Fortunately, the situation is now much improved.
    很多CCD的拍摄视场很小（只有几十角分），在过去，这就迫使我们无法使用传统的标准天体测量星表，幸运的是，这种状况有所改观。

    • A newer catalogue is the USNO-SA2.0, containing over 54 million objects (intended to be stars only, although there are some non-stellar objects), extracted from the full USNO-A2.0 catalogue, with (approximately) solar colors between 16th and 19th magnitude. USNO-SA2.0 is distributed on a single CDROM. 
      有一个新的星表是USNO-SA2.0，包含了5.4亿个目标恒星的数据（只包含恒星数据，虽然有很多非恒星目标），是从USNO-A2.0提取而来，包含了几乎16等到19等的恒星目标，只需要一张光碟。
    • The full USNO-A2.0 catalogue, occupying ten CDROMs and containing entries for more than 526 million stars, has had a very limited distribution. Version A2.0 is also available for downloading by ftp. 
      完整的USNO-A2.0星表，占用10张光碟，包含超过52.6亿颗恒星，但发行量很少，该版本可以从FTP上下载。

    None of the above catalogues contain proper-motion data. It is hoped that future versions of the USNO catalogue will include this information. 
    以上的所有星表都不包括恒星自行的数据，我们期望以后的NSNO星表能包含这些信息。

    The following catalogues do contain proper-motion information, but generally contain far fewer entries than the catalogues listed above. The absolute accuracy of these catalogues is better than that of the USNO-(S)A catalogues. 
    下面罗列的星表虽然包括了恒星的自行数据，但是包含的恒星数没有USNO多，不过从精度来说，比USNO-(S)A要精确。

    • The Tycho 2 catalogue contains 2.5 million entries over the whole sky. 
      Tycho 2星表包括了全天250万颗恒星数据。
    • The ACT Reference Catalog contains entries for 988758 stars over the entire sky. 
      ACT Reference星表包括了全天988758颗恒星的数据。
    • The UCAC 2 (second U.S.N.O. CCD Astrograph Catalog) contains positions and proper motions for 48 million stars down to R = 16, covering the sky from the south celestial pole to mid-northern declinations. UCAC 3 (the all-sky version) is expected to be released in 2005. 
      UCAC 2（第二USNO CCD照相星表）包括了下至16等的4.8亿颗恒星的位置和自行数据，覆盖了从南天极到北半球中赤纬地区的天空，UCAC 3（全天版本）可能会在2005年出版。
    • The full USNO-B1.0 contains positional and proper motion data for more than a billion stars, occupies some 80 GB and has had a very limited distribution. The catalogue can be queried on-line. 
      USNO-B1.0完全版星表包括了超过十亿颗恒星的位置和自行数据，占用80GB的空间，而且发行量很少，你可以在线查询它的数据。

    Recently, versions of the some of the proper-motion-inclusive catalogues have become available from third parties in the USNO-Ax format, to allow programs that understand the USNO-Ax format to use these new catalogues without the programs requiring modification. Unfortunately, these converted versions lack the proper-motion information present in the original-format catalogues and have epochs close to the current date. It is the recommendation of the Minor Planet Center that the original-format versions be used in preference to the modified versions. If an observer insists on using the modified versions, they must be distinguished from the original version by adding “-Ax” to the catalogue name specified with the NET keywords. E.g., “NET Tycho-2” refers to the original catalogue, “NET Tycho-2-Ax” refers to the modified catalogue. 
    近来，有一些第三方的包括恒星自行数据的星表得以出版，这些星表采用USNO-Ax格式，目的是为了不更改应用USNO-Ax格式星表的软件。但不幸的是，这些更改的星表在原始格式中没有当前的自行信息，而且天文历元又很接近现在的数据。小行星中心建议最好使用原始格式。如果一些观测者坚持要求使用更改后的版本，那么你必须在NET关键字后标明“-Ax”。例如：“NET Tycho-2”表示使用Tycho-2原始版本，而“NET Tycho-2-Ax”表示使用Tycho-2的更改后的版本。

    Until quite recently, the only useable catalogue for CCD observers was the Hubble Space Telescope’s Guide Star Catalogue (GSC), that contains about 18 million objects (stars and galaxies). This has a sufficient density of comparison stars for most purposes, but the positions are known to be somewhat iffy in regions that were near the edges of the plates scanned to produce the catalogue. The GSC is distributed on two CD-ROMs. 
    直到目前，对于CCD观测者唯一合适可用的星表是GSC（哈勃空间望远镜的引导星参考星表），它包含1.8亿个目标（恒星和星系）。参考星的密度足以满足多种观测目的，但是似乎在光碟边缘的数据读取有点问题。GSC占用两张光碟的容量。

    It is the recommendation of the Minor Planet Center that observers who are still using the GSC as their reference catalogue should migrate to the USNO-B1.0, unless their field-of-view is large enough to contain sufficient UCAC 2 stars, in which case they should use the original form of this latter catalogue.
    小行星中心建议仍然使用GSC星表的观测者转为使用USNO-B1.0星表，除非你的拍摄区域足够大，才可以考虑使用UCAC 2星表用于获得足够的参考星数据。

    A new version of the GSC (version 2.2) has recently become available ( http://www-gsss.stsci.edu/gsc/Copy%20of%20gsc2/GSC2home.htm). It is an all-sky catalogue containing 1 billion objects derived from digitized sky-survey plates and the catalogue is claimed to be complete to at least V = 18. Proper motions are given in this version. For the brightest objects, information has simply been copied from the Tycho-2 Catalogue. At present, only Web downloads of small areas of sky appears to be possible: there is no distribution on physical media. The final version of this GSC (version 2.3) was expected in 2003 and should contain multi-epoch proper motions for all objects. 
    近来，GSC的一个新版本（2.2版）已经可用（ http://www-gsss.stsci.edu/gsc/Copy%20of%20gsc2/GSC2home.htm）。这是一个包含10亿颗恒星数据的全天星表，该星表基于数字巡天DSS底片，最暗星等至少到18等，而且恒星的自行数据也包含在内。对于明亮的天体，该星表拷贝了Tycho-2星表的数据。目前只能通过互联网下载到小片区域的数据：该星表还没有通过光碟等媒介出版。该星表的最终版本——2.3将可能在2003年出版并包括多个历元的所有恒星的自行数据。

    The following sources should not be used for comparison-star coordinates: 
    以下资源不能用于测定参考星坐标：

    • Certain planetarium-type software programs (generally on CD-ROM) that do not give the full-precision positions for GSC stars. 
      类似于天象演示的软件（往往是在光碟中），这些软件不能给出很精确的位置坐标。
    • The World Coordinate System information in the FITS headers for images in the Digital Sky Survey (whether accessed via the Web or via the highly-compressed CD-ROM version). 
      在DSS拍摄的FITS图片文件头部分记录的世界坐标系统信息（无论是从网络中获得的或从压缩的光盘中获得的）
    • Any B1950.0 star catalogue (e.g., SAO Catalogue).
      任何使用历元1950.0的星表（比如SAO星表）

  5. What corrections should I apply to the derived positions?对于得到的比较星表，我需要做什么样的修正？

    None! No corrections should be made by the observer for parallax and no attempt should be made to correct the UTC times of observation to Terrestrial Time (TT), the uniform timescale used in orbit computations. 
    从不需要！对于观测者，不需要做任何视差修正，不需要做任何时间方面的转换，所有的用于轨道计算的时间都是统一的。

  6. How do I obtain an accurate time?我如何获得一个精确的时间？

    If you have a Java-enabled frames-capable Web browser you can obtain current UTC from the U.S. Naval Observatory’s Time Service Department. This link also contains information on programs that you can use to automatically set your computer’s clock, as well as the Network Time Protocol. Note that due to the unpredictable delays in Internet transmission such programs should be used in preference to the in-lined clock displayed by your browser when accessing this site. 
    如果你使用一个可以运行JAVA和支持框架结构的浏览器，你可以通过访问U.S. Naval Observatory’s Time Service Department获得精确的时间。 这个连接还包括一个程序来自动校准你的计算机时钟。考虑到一些不可预知的互联网延迟，当你访问该站时显示的时间要稍许延迟一些。Various radio stations around the world transmit UTC. The following table of stations is reproduced from the British Astronomical Association Handbook by kind permission of Max White. 
    全球有很多电台都播报世界时，以下一些电台的信息是从Max White所写的英国天文联合会手册中摘录的。（国内可以使用陕西天文台授时中心的短波5，10，15兆赫兹频率来校对）

    站点　　　　　　　　　呼号　　　频率　　　　播报时间段　　　　信号细节
Station               Call   Transmission  Time of            Details of
                      Sign   Frequencies   Transmission       Signal
                                /KHz


Rugby, England        MSF        60        00m00s-59m59s in   Second marker 100 ms interruption of carrier wave
                                           each hour (except  Minute marker 500 ms interruption of carrier wave
                                           1000-1400 on first
                                           Tuesday of each
                                           month)

Mainflingen, Germany  DCF77      77.5      continuous         Second marker 100 ms
                                                              Minute marker 500 ms
                                                              59s omitted

Moscow, Russia        RWM      4996        all continuous
                               9996
                              14996

Irkutsk, Russia       RID      5004        all continuous
                              10004
                              15004

Liblice, Czech Rep.   OMA        50        continuous except  Second marker 100 ms interruption of carrier wave
                                           0600-1200 on first Minute marker 500 ms interruption of carrier wave
                                           Wednesday of each
                                           month

New Delhi, India      ATA      5000        1230-0330          Second marker 20 ms
                              10000        continuous         Minute marker 100 ms
                              15000        0330-1230          00m, 15m, 30m, 45m call sign and
                                                              voice announcement

Llandio, Australia    VNG      2500        continuous         Second marker 50 ms
                               5000                           55s-58s markers 5 ms  59s omitted
                               8368                           Minute marker 500 ms
                              12984                           00m, 15m, 30m, 45m voice announcement
                              16000

Sanwa, Japan          JG 2AS     40        continuous except  Second marker 500 ms pulse
                      /JJF-2               35m-39m            59s 200 ms

Taejon, S. Korea      HLA      5000        continuous         Second marker 20 ms
                                                              Minute marker 800 ms at 1000 Hz tone
                                                              Hour marker 800 ms at 1500 Hz tone
                                                              Voice announcement 52s

Fort Collins, U.S.A.  WWV      2500        continuous         Second marker 5 ms pulse (29s and 59s omitted)
                               5000                           Minute marker 800 ms pulse
                              10000                           Male voice announcement 52s-60s
                              15000
                              20000

Kauai, Hawaii         WWVH     2500        continuous         Second marker 5 ms pulse (29s and 59s omitted)
                               5000                           Minute marker 800 ms pulse
                              10000                           Female voice announcement 45s-52.5s
                              15000

Ottawa, Canada        CHU      3330        continuous         Second marker 01s-28s
                               7335                                         30s-50s
                              14670                           Minute marker 800 ms pulse
                                                              51s-59s voice announcement, station and time
                                                              Long hour marker

Caracas, Venezuela    YVTO     6100        continuous         Second marker 100 ms pulse
                                                              52s-57s voice announcement of time
                                                              Minute marker 500 ms pulse
                                                              30s marker omitted

  7. What do I report?如何上报？

    There is a special format for reporting astrometric observations. Please read this document carefully and report the observations in the correct format (noting that the UTC time of observation should be reported to 0.00001 day, the R.A. to 0s.01, the Decl. to 0″.1, and that magnitudes should not be reported more precisely than 0.1 mag.). The reduction packages mentioned in question 1 should produce this format automatically. 
    这里有一个用于天文测量的专用格式。请仔细阅读该文件并按照正确的格式上报（注意，时间必须精确到0.00001天，赤经必须精确到0s.01，赤纬必须精确到0″.1，星等必须精确到0.1等）。在问题一中提到的软件将可以做到这些。Observations of both minor planets and comets, formatted as specified in the link above, should be reported via e-mail to mpc@cfa.harvard.edu. 
    无论是上报小行星还是彗星，你需要按照上面提到的格式上报，并通过EMAIL发往mpc@cfa.harvard.edu。

    Do not report more than one position for each time of observation! 
    每个观测时间不要报一个以上的位置。

    When there is no trailing of the minor planet image (or you are measuring the middle of a trail) the time of observation is the mid-exposure time. If you are measuring both ends of a trail, then one end is associated with the start of the exposure, the other with the end. Alternatively, if the trail is very short, you can simply report the mid-point. However, you should not report both a trail-end and mid-point measures from the same trail. 
    如果你测量的是小行星拖线的中部或该小行星没有明显的拖线，那么你应该使用你暴光时间的中点时刻作为该测量点对应时刻，如果你既测量了起点又测量了终点，那么你应该分别对应的是暴光的起始时间和终了时间。当然，如果你拍摄的小行星拖线很短，你最好只测量该拖线的中点位置。无论如何，请不要上报既有端点又有中点的报告。

    Note that reported magnitudes must be derived from the individual frames: do not obtain a magnitude from one frame and then copy it on all the other observations! Also, ensure that you report the magnitudes with the astrometry: do not say “Photometry to follow”! 
    请注意，每张图片中的星体亮度只可以应用在该图片中，不可以将一张图片中的星等应用到别的图片中。当然，请确保你使用的是天体测量方法，请不要说“以后再用正规的测量方法”！

    Always report positions for every moving object in your images. Do not assume that just because an object is numbered that continuing observations are not important. The inclusion of well-known objects, particularly when there are also observations of unidentified objects, serves as a useful check of the quality of your measurements. 
    只要有移动的目标就可以上报，不要认为已经是编号小行星就没必要上报。包含已知目标的报告（未知目标请显著标明）能更好地检验你的测量质量。

  8. Are there any recommendations regarding e-mail?对于使用的EMAIL有什么建议呢？

    The following guidelines should be noted with regard to any e-mail submission of observations: 
    关于用EMAIL进行上报，请注意以下要求

    • Observations should be reported as plain ASCII files. Do not send, e.g., UUENCODE’d or BINHEX’ed files! This is important if you are using e-mail attachements. 
      如果你使用EMAIL上报，报告应当使用未被格式化的ASCII码方式，不要使用UUENCODE或BINHEX格式。
    • Please ensure that your mailer does not split the 80-column observation records–many mailers, such as PINE, will automatically break a line at about 72 characters. In PINE you can avoid this problem if the observations you wish to send are in a separate file by including the file using CTRL-R, rather than by using cut and paste. 
      请确认你的邮件系统在处理文件时，每行文本超过80列时不自动换行或分离处理。比如PINE，将在72列后自动进行换行，在PINE邮件系统中，你可以通过使用CTRL-R键将报告文件包含在原文件中，这样比用剪贴和粘贴要好。
    • If you are using a mailer that can send HTML mail, please disable the inclusion of the HTML version. Inclusion of the HTML version more than doubles the length of the e-mail and the repetition of material is completely useless. In addition, the inclusion of HTML text may trigger the MPC’s antispam e-mail filters, causing your message to be flagged as spam. 
      如果你的邮件系统可以发送HTML格式的邮件，请不要使用该功能。包含HTML格式的邮件往往很长，而且多次重复的代码也是无用的。MPC的邮件过滤系统将拒收这样的来信。
      Information on disabling HTML e-mail for users of Outlook Express is available. Information on disabling HTML e-mail for users of many different mail clients is also available. 
      使用Outlook或其他邮件管理软件都是可行的，只要不使用HTML格式发送。
    • Never send any kind of word-processor/DTP file! If you use a word processor or DTP package to prepare your observations, ensure that you use the package’s `Save as ASCII’ option. 
      请不要使用WORD等字处理软件处理报告并上报，如果你使用这些文字编辑软件来写你的上报报告，请保存为ASCII码模式。

  9. What if I use spam-blocking systems?如果我使用了垃圾邮件过滤会怎么样？

    If you use any sort of spam-blocking system to sift your incoming e-mail, you are warned that it is your responsibility to ensure that e-mail from the MPC is passed unimpeded. The list of e-mail addresses that must be allowed through are autoack/mpc/autodes/des/(initial.surname) at cfa.harvard.edu. If e-mail from any of these addresses is blocked, you may not get ACKs or designation files. 
    如果你使用了垃圾邮件自动过滤，你需要自己设置来使MPC发给你的邮件不被阻止。以下单词和地址必须要允许通过[autoack/mpc/autodes/des/(initial.surname你的MPCname) 及cfa.harvard.edu] ，否则你将无法收到MPC的自动回复信件及确认信件。Note that “Allowed Sender” systems will not work with our automated routines that send out information as e-mail returned to certain addresses will bounce. 
    注意，当MPC收到系统退信后，自动邮件发送系统将不会再次发送邮件。

  10. What are some common mistakes?常见错误有那些？

    A: Incorrectly-Identified Objects目标确定错误

    If you try to identify objects, ensure that the identifications are correct and that you used the packed forms of the designations in the appropriate columns of the observational records. If in doubt, use temporary designations. 
    如果你打算确认目标的名称，请保证正确，并使用正确的格式填写在报告的相应的列内，如果你不能确认，请使用临时名称。

    B: Incorrect Times of Observations观测时间错误

    Ensure that the mid-points of your exposures are timed and reported correctly! The most common error by observers (and one of the trickiest to correct if the observation has already been published) is incorrect observation times (or occasionally even dates!). 
    请确认你的暴光中点的时刻是同步的及符合报告要求的！绝大多数常见的错误都是因为观测时间不正确（或甚至只有日期）。

    C: Non-ASCII Submissions无ASCII码的上报

    Ensure that you send only plain ASCII e-mails. Encoded attachments will be ignored by the automated processing routines. 
    请确认你上报的是ASCII码邮件。自动处理程序将忽略附件。

    D: Incorrectly-Specified Observer Details观测者详细信息错误

    Some observers specify observer details in the form used in the MPCs. These details are usually nicely formatted, but the observation processing routines will ignore them. Observer details must be formatted in the the proper format.
    一些观测者在报告中上报了用于MPC标准的观测者详细信息。这些信息必须按照规定的格式填写，见the proper format，而观测自动处理程序将忽略这些内容。

  11. Can I report approximate or preliminary measures?我能否上报初步的或粗略的测量结果？

    No. Approximate measurements will be ignored and you will not be credited for any discovery for which you report approximate positions. Only report final astrometry–don’t report preliminary measures and then improve them. It can be time-consuming to replace the preliminary measures, particularly now that observations get published in the mid-month Minor Planet Supplements (MPS) that are issued weekly. 
    不可以！粗略和不准确的测量将被忽略，我们也不确认任何不准确的报告发现。仅报告你的最终测量——请不要报告初步测量结果然后再做修正。不断的更改初步测量数据对我们来说是非常耗时间的。部分原因是我们在每月月中已经把观测报告发布在每周出版的小行星增刊（MPS）上。

  12. The observation format requires an observatory code. I don’t have a code. How do I get one?观测报告需要一个观测站编号而我没有，我该如何获得？

    An observatory code is assigned upon receipt of acceptable observations. Codes are intended for permanent observing sites. If you continually move your telescope around, you are advised to choose a permanent site before undertaking an astrometric program. It is a waste of an observatory code if only a handful of observations are ever obtained there. 
    授予观测站编号的前提是MPC能收到符合规定的观测报告。编号将授予那些永久的观测站。如果你总是四处打游击，我们建议你在上报天体测量数据前拥有一个永久的观测场地。如果你只有少数的观测报告，这对于观测站编号资源是个浪费。The observation format has been extended to allow the concept of “Roving Observers”, for use by observers at temporary sites. The format is documented elsewhere. 
    对于临时的观测站，观测报告的格式允许使用所谓的“流动观测”模式，请访问这里。

    The first time you submit astrometric observations (see Q. 14 for details on what observations your initial batch should contain), you should report: 
    第一次提交观测报告，你需要报告如下内容：（见问题14来了解第一批报告的细节）

    • A snail-mail address (used as a contact address on the observatory headers in the Minor Planet Circulars) 
      通信地址（在观测报告头的联系地址里）
    • An observatory name and site 
      观测人和站点名称。
    • Longitude, in degrees, minutes and seconds (not decimal degrees) E of the Greenwich meridian. To avoid any possible confusion, avoid using negative longitudes. Give a longitude as either: 
      地理经度，使用度，分，秒（不要用度的小数形式表示）E表示东经。为了避免出现混乱，请不要使用西经（即负值）。请使用以下任一经度形式：
  • a specific number of degrees E or W (being sure to state which direction) of the Greenwich meridian (avoid the use of negative quantities); 
    用E或W表示东西经，避免使用负值
  • a specific number of degrees E of Greenwich (according to the IAU convention). If a site is just west of the Greenwich meridian, give the longitude as a quantity near 360�, not as a negative quantity. 
    按照IAU惯例，使用“度 E”的表示方式，如果在西半球，请用大于180度的值表示。
  • Latitude, in degrees, minutes and seconds (not decimal degrees) N or S of the equator. 
    地理纬度，使用度，分，秒（不要用度的小数形式表示），N或S表示北或南半球。
  • Altitude (in meters above sea-level) 
    海拔（用米表示）
  • Details of your telescope setup. 
    你使用的望远镜的详细资料

The longitude and latitude should be specified as precisely as possible, preferably to the nearest arcsecond. Do not give more precision than is justified: it is quite acceptable to give, for example, a longitude as 1� 10′.3 E (which indicates that the longitude is good to 0′.1 = 6″) instead of as 1� 10′ 18″ E (which indicates that the longitude is good to 1″). 
地理经度和纬度要用尽量合适的精度，不要过多的增加不合适的有效位数：比如：1� 10′.3 E这样的写法（表示经度的精度到达0.1’=6″）可能比1� 10′ 18″ E这样的写法（表示经度的精度到达1″）更适合你。

It is important that the longitude and latitude that you supply are geographic coordinates, not geocentric coordinates.
你需要提供的是地理坐标而不是地心坐标，这个很重要。

It is also important that you specify COD XXX in the observation header for your initial batch. Do NOT use, for example, COD 000 or COD 999, as these are assigned codes and may cause your initial batch to be processed as if it contained observations from the code you used. Neither should you attempt to use a currently-unused code. 
同样重要的是，你需要在第一次观测报告的最前头指定COD XXX。不要使用COD 000 或 COD 999等已经授予的编号，这样会将你的观测报告错误的用在别人身上。当然也不要使用惯例不使用的编号。

A convenient way to supply the above information in a form that is preserved by the automated processing routines is to use the COM keyword. E.g.: 
来上报以上这些要求的项目的一个方便的方式是使用自动处理程序认可的COM关键字，如：

COM Long. 239 18 45 E, Lat. 33 54 11 N, Alt. 100m
COM Long. 239 18 45 E, Lat. 33 54 11 N, Alt. 100m

Note that if you request an observatory code during MPC preparation time, you will experience a longer than usual delay before an observatory code is assigned. 
注意到，如果你在MPC预备时间内申请观测地编号，你将可能会比平常等待更长的时间来获得观测地编号。

If you fail to supply sufficient observations in your initial batch, you will experience a longer than usual delay before an observatory code is assigned. 
如果你在第一次上报时没有按要求提供相关的观测地信息，你将可能等更长的时间来获得编号。

  • Does my observatory code move with me?我的观测站编号是否可以随我移动？

    No, your observatory code does not move with you since observatory codes (with the exception of the “Roving Observer” and artificial satellite codes) are tied to a specific site relative to the center of the earth. If you move your observing site you have to apply for a new code. If you go and observe at a friend’s observatory, you must use his/her observatory code (applying for one if necessary) rather than using your own. 
    不，你的观测站编号不可以随便移动，因为它们是相对地心的一个准确的特殊的位置。（“粗略观测”除外，人造卫星观测站编号除外）。如果你变更了你的观测场地，你必须申请一个新的观测场地编号。如果你在你的朋友的观测地观测，你必须使用他/她那里的编号（如果需要，应该新申请一个）。

  • Are there any restrictions on my observatory’s name?对我的观测站的名字有什么要求和限制吗？

    Yes and No. 
    是的，但也不是。No, in the sense that we cannot dictate what you choose to call your observatory. 
    不限制的方面：我们不规定你的观测地的名字。

    Yes, in the sense that we don’t have to use your observatory’s name in the MPCs. 
    限制的方面：我们不一定必须在MPCs中使用你的观测地名称。

    However, we are fairly liberal in the observatory names that we allow into the MPCs. At least two amateur-owned sites have names with connections to the popular TV show Star Trek: The Next Generation. Where is the dividing line between acceptable and unacceptable? This is determined on a case-by-case basis. Using a popular character from the well-known TV series The X Files as an example, “Scully Observatory” would probably be acceptable, but “ScullyIsAGoddess Observatory” wouldn’t. 
    无论如何，我们在MPCs中尽量公平自由的使用你的观测地名称。至少有两个业余天文台的名字和电视剧“星空旅行：下一代”有关。到底什么样的名字才是被认可的呢？似乎应该是一个单词。用周知的电视连续剧“X档案”做例子，”Scully Observatory”的名字是可以的，而”ScullyIsAGoddess Observatory”就不行。

  • How do I begin?我将如何开始呢？

    If you are new to astrometric observing, you should observe a number of low-numbered minor planets each on pairs of nearby nights. If weather interferes, the two nights can be some weeks apart. Report two or three observations of each object from each night: do not report single positions per night. We will check these positions and advise you on their quality. As a general rule we advise you NOT to observe very low-numbered objects–e.g., (1), (2), (51), etc.–but objects with numbers in the range (400) to (40000). In addition, you should try and observe objects of various brightnesses. If your site does not have an observatory code, one will be assigned upon acceptance of your initial submission. Note that it is important that your initial batch contains two nights of observation of more than one numbered minor planet. If you submit only single-night measures or two-night measures of a single object, your initial batch will not be processed until further observations are forthcoming. 
    如果你是天体测量的新手，你应该先在尽量相邻的晚上连续观测一些有正式编号的且编号比较靠前的（也就是相对比较明亮的）小行星。如果天气情况不允许，这两个晚上的数据可以相隔几个星期。对每个目标，每晚观测两到三个位置点：不要对一个目标只观测一个位置坐标点。我们将核实这些观测。通常，我们建议不要观测编号太靠前的小行星，比如 (1), (2), (51),等等，而应该观测编号在 (400)到(40000)之间的小行星。另外，你应该尽量去观测各种不同亮度的目标。如果你的观测地还没有获得MPC观测站编号，那么在这个你的第一次的上报中，我们将允许你自己新确定一个观测地编号。注意，你的第一次上报必须报告多于一个目标，每个目标必须有两晚的观测数据，这非常重要！如你只上报一个目标，或只有一个夜晚的数据，我们将不处理你的报告，直到受到你的进一步报告。You should not start by observing fast-moving objects! It is important that you gain experience by observing “routine” objects before attempting to observe “unusual” objects. We also expect you to prove that you can produce good astrometry of known objects before you begin to discover new objects. 
    一开始，请不要观测FMO（快速移动的天体）！在观测非常规目标前多观测普通目标，积累经验是很重要的一步。我们也非常期望你在开始进行发现前多进行常规的观测来积累经验。

    Even if you interested only in comets, it is advisable that you follow these guidelines for your initial batch. In general, comets are harder to measure than minor planets. If we have a new observer reporting comet observers of bad or indifferent quality we do not know if it is simply a problem due to the comet (big, bright difficult-to-measure image) or a problem with the measurement/reduction process. If we have received minor planets from a new observer in the initial batch, we will have already have determined that the measurement/reduction process is acceptable. 
    即使你只对彗星感兴趣，你也最好按照本指南要求的上报你的第一次报告。通常，彗星比小行星难测量的多。如果我们收到的报告是位新观测员报告的彗星，且报告质量不高，我们就无法判断究竟是测量的误差问题还是由于彗星本身的问题（比如大而亮的，很难测量的彗星）。如果我们收到了一位新观测者的首次报告所上报的是小行星数据，我们将可以确定你的报告中的测量或误差是否符合要求。

  • How many observations should I make of each object?对每个目标，我需要做多少次的观测？

    It is most efficient to make two or three observations (over a period of an hour or so) per object per night. Observations of specific objects are best made on pairs of nearby nights as the accuracy of isolated single-night observations can be difficult to judge. By observing on pairs of nights any ambiguity is removed. 
    每晚对每个目标进行两到三次观测（大约跨越前后1个小时）是比较有效的。 对于特殊目标，最好观测连续两晚，因为两个各自孤立的观测数据的准确程度将很难判断。如果连续观测的两晚，这样的数据就比较明确。You should not make only one observation of each object per night. Neither should you make many more than three observations per objects per night–it is a waste of your time and rarely helps the orbit solution. 
    你不应该每晚对每个目标只观测一个点，你也不要观测多于3个点，这对计算轨道没什么帮助且也浪费你的时间。

    However, to make observations of a new discovery in groups many hours apart on a single night can be useful, particularly in the case of an newly-discovered object that may be close to the earth. 
    然而，对于一个新发现的目标，在单个晚上在相距较多时间的观测报告将是有用的，尤其是对于新发现的近地目标。

    For multi-opposition objects the preferable regimen of observing is observations on pairs on night in each dark run around each opposition until the object is numbered. 
    对于多个冲日的目标，更好的观测方式是在每个冲日来临之时，连续观测两个夜晚，直到该天体被授予正式编号。

    See also… 
    了解更多请访问这里

  • What objects should I be observing?什么样的目标需要观测？

    Those observers who wish some guidance on what objects to observe are advised to check out the monthly lists of unusual objects, comets and critical-list numbered minor planets that appear on the Minor Planet Electronic Circulars. 
    我们建议你访问 Minor Planet Electronic Circulars，那里每月会罗列出一些不寻常的目标、彗星以及获得正式编号的小行星批评列表。Some observers have set up their own web pages, generally to encourage follow-up their own discoveries. Such sites are collected together here. 
    一些观测者会在他们各自的网站中也罗列出他们自己发现的目标，来鼓励其他的观测者来做后续观测。可以访问这里来得到他们的连接地址。

    Ephemerides for minor planets can be generated using the Minor Planet Ephemeris Service. 
    使用 Minor Planet Ephemeris Service可以得到小行星的星历表。

  • What quality of measurements should I aim to produce?对于测量质量有什么要求？

    Astrometry is a field where bad measures are generally of little or no use. It is important that observers can consistently produce observations with a consistency of <1″ for observations using the same comparison stars, and a night-to-night consistency limited only by the comparison star catalogue. 
    低质量的天体测量数据是很少有用或无用的。观测能做到一贯的保持精度<1″，使用同样的参考星（仅仅受到星表的限制），连续多晚观测，这些都是非常重要的。

  • Do I need to identify objects?我需要鉴别被测量的目标吗？

    Strange as it may sound, no. The checking procedures of the MPC are most efficient when observers do not try to identify objects, except as described in the following sentence. Note that observations of NEOCP objects should always be tagged with their NEOCP designations and observations of designated NEOs and comets should be tagged with their provisional or permanent designations, as should the initial observations made in support of an observatory code request. 
    听起来很奇怪，不需要。MPC的自动检测程序是非常有效的，观测者不必要来鉴别自己上报的目标，除非有以下所说的这几种情况。注意，在NEOCP里已经给过NEOCP临时编号的以及已经给过临时编号的NEO及彗星应该使用它们的临时编号或永久编号。对于首次上报，需要先申请观测地编号。However, every reported observation should have a designation. If you don’t know the designation of a particular object, or are not bothering to identify objects, use an observer-assigned temporary designation. 
    无论如何,每个天体的观测报告都应该有一个编号。如果你不知道某个特殊天体的编号或者你不打算知道，你可以使用你自己的临时编号。

    • Observations of the same object on different nights should be given the same temporary designation only if they reported in the same message and you are absolutely positive that all the nights refer to the same object. Correspondences of observer-assigned temporary and MPC-assigned provisional designations will be reported back to the observer via e-mail. 
      如果你能非常确定几个不同夜晚的目标是同一个目标，你应该在一次上报中使用同样的临时编号。观测者的临时编号对应的MPC临时编号会通过EMAIL得到回复。
    • Observer-assigned temporary designations should be unique–don’t call everything `X’! 
      观测者使用的临时编号应该是唯一的——不要把所有的东西都叫成“X”！
    • Observer-assigned temporary designations should be six characters or less long, and begin in column 6 of the observational record. 
      观测者定义的临时编号应该使用六个字符或更长，并在规定得上报格式中的第6列开始写。
    • Observer-assigned temporary designations should not be of the form of the packed or unpacked designations used by the MPC. Note that this now includes the form single letter followed by four digits.
      观测者定义的临时编号不应该使用MPC所给的临时编号的形式。比如，以一个字母开始，后面有四个数字。
    • Do not continue to use your observer-assigned designations once official provisional or permanent designations have been assigned. 
      在你的上报目标得到临时编号或永久编号后再不要继续使用自己定义的临时编号了。

  • How do I know that the Minor Planet Center has received my observations?我如何知道小行星中心认可了我的观测数据？

    Upon receipt of a batch of observations, we send an automatic acknowledgement back to you. E-mail is not perfect and messages do sometimes get lost. If you do not receive the acknowledgement within 24 hours you should resend the original message, noting in the subject line that the message is a retransmission (ensuring your subject line contains `RESEND’ is a good way). Further communication will only occur if we need to send you designations or there is a problem with your observations. Information on how to personalize the acknowledgement is available. 
    收到你的上报，我们会自动回复一个认可信，由于EMAIL并不完全稳定，有时信息会丢失，所以你24小时内没有收到回复，请再发一次你的报告，并在标题里注明（最好在标题里包括`RESEND’这个单词）。The acknowledgement now contains a ‘junk’ rating for the message that was submitted. The junk rating is the percentage of the submitted message that was not useful (i.e., material that was not observational records, observational header or e-mail header). Many messages arrive with junk ratings of more than 50 percent (in some cases, more than 90 percent!). If you get a poor junk rating, you should examine what you are actually sending and try and cut out some of the junk that some PC mailers seem to insert. 
    在现在的回复信中会包含一个“垃圾信息”分析。用百分比表示，表示你上报的无用信息的多少（比如：非观测记录内容，非报告头或EMAIL文件头等）很多报告包括50%以上的垃圾信息（有些甚至超过90%），如果你发现你的上报有太多的垃圾，请自己检查你的报告，去掉不该添加的内容，有些邮件服务商会自动添加广告内容。

    Note also that the acknowledgement is automatic and simply informs you that we have received your message. It says nothing about the formatting of the observations contained therein or their quality. 
    注意，这个回复只是告诉你我们收到了你的报告，并不对观测内容和质量做分析。

  • What about batches containing observations from two or more observatory codes?如果观测包含两个或更多的观测站编号该如何处理？

    If you want to submit observations from two or more observatory codes in the same message, you must group each site’s observations under an observational header appropriate for the site. A representation of an example follows: 
    如果你打算在一个观测报告中包括两个或更多的观测站的测量报告，你必须像以下例子表示的那样，将各个站点的编号头及观测数据分割开。

    COD 608
OBS ...
MEA ...
... Rest of header ...
Observations from code 608
COD 644
OBS ...
MEA ...
... Rest of header ...
Observations from code 644

    Failure to format the message as shown above will result in the batch being rejected by the automated routines. 
    如果不是像以上那样将各个地点的观测分割开，上报将要被自动接受系统拒绝。

  • A message to the MPC bounced. Do I need to resend it?上报被MPC退回，我需要再次上报吗？

    Perhaps yes. Perhaps no. 
    也许是，也许不需要。It all depends on the source of the bounceback message. mpc@cfa is an e-mail alias that forwards incoming messages to five different user accounts: four are personal e-mail accounts of MPC staff members; the fifth is the e-mail account for the AUTOACK procedure (the automated routine that sends out acknowledgements and that extracts messages into the processing queues). 
    这要看回复电邮的来源。mpc@cfa是一个邮件地址代用名，它会把受到的信息转交给5个不同的帐户：其中四个是工作人员的个人帐户，另一个是自动处理程序帐户（自动回复并提取观测信息去进行处理）

    You should resend your message if the bounceback indicates that autoack@scully or mpc@cfa is the source of the failure. If the mpc@cfa address has failed, you should resend your batch to autoack@scully.cfa.harvard.edu. 
    如果autoack@scully 或mpc@cfa地址出现解析错误，你应该重新上报。如果mpc@cfa地址出现问题，你应该直接向autoack@scully.cfa.harvard.edu重新上报。

    You do not need to resend your message if the bounceback comes from any other e-mail address. 
    如果你受到的回复信息是从其他地址发来的，你并不需要回复。

  • I think I have something new. How do I get a provisional designation assigned to it?我认为我发现了新目标，我如何获得临时编号呢？

    New provisional designations are assigned to newly-reported objects that cannot be identified with a known numbered, multi-opposition unnumbered or recently-discovered one-opposition (with or without a general orbit) minor planet. 
    如果你上报的目标不是一个有永久编号的小行星或多冲日但未给永久编号或刚发现了一个冲日的目标（无论是不是常见的轨道），你将可以获得一个临时编号。New designations are assigned upon the receipt of observations from two nights (but see elsewhere). The two nights should be fairly close together, certainly within a week of each other. See the note on the required coverage on each night. You may use the on-line New Object Ephemeris Generator to generate ephemerides to enable you to find the object after the first night. 
    如果我们收到你的包括两晚的报告，我们将给予一个临时编号（其他情况见这里）。这两个晚上的报告必须比较靠近，应该至少在一周之内。对每晚观测覆盖的要求见这里。你可以使用在线星历表生成器来计算你发现的目标的以后的位置预报。

    If there are a number of observers involved at a particular site and assignment of credit for the discovery of particular objects is important, ensure that the observer-assigned temporary designations reflect the names of the discoverers. For example, at a particular site there are three observers–Byers, Frohike and Langly. Objects discovered by Byers alone are reported with temporary designations beginning By (e.g., By0001), objects discovered by Byers and Langly jointly by designations beginning BL or ByLa (e.g., BL0001 or ByLa01). Similarly, designations beginning FrLa indicate objects discovered by Frohike and Langly. 
    如果在一个站点有好几个人参与发现并要求区别他们的发现，那么请在定义自己的临时编号的时候做适当的区别来反映出不同的观测者。比如，在一个观测站有三个人——Byers,Frohike和Langly。如果Byers独立发现了目标可以用By0001这样的临时编号来上报，如果是Byers 和Langly共同发现的，那么可以用BL0001或ByLa01之类的以BL或ByLa开头的临时编号。同样的，你可以用FrLa开头的临时编号表示是由Frohike和Langly共同发现的。

    It is preferred that discoveries are made by a single individual, although discoveries by pairs of discoverers are accepted. Claims for discoveries of specific objects by three or more discoverers are treated as site discoveries, where no individuals are named as the discoverer. An exception to this is allowed for discoveries of TNOs, where up to four individuals may be listed, recognizing the difficulty of obtaining sufficient observations of these (typically very) faint objects. 
    最好发现由一个人来完成，虽然两个人也是可以接受的。如果有三个人或更多人参与发现，发现权将属于该站点，有一个例外，就是对于TNO的发现，可以最多有4位个人观测者，因为一般的TNO都非常暗弱，难以获得足够的观测数据。

    If your new object (observed on two or more nights) can be matched to an earlier undesignated one-night stand, that one-night stand does not have priority and you will receive the credit for the discovery. If your new object can be matched to an earlier designated one-night stand (generally this will be a redesignation from a published two-night object), your new object will also have priority. 
    如果你新发现的目标（观测了两晚或多晚）正好和以前的一个没有给临时编号的单晚的观测吻合，那么你将获得该天体的发现权。如果你新发现的目标正好和以前的一个已经给了临时编号的单晚的观测吻合（一般地该天体的临时编号将重新定义），那么你也将获得该天体的发现权。

  • What is the difference between reporting two-nighter and single-nighter new objects?对于新目标，上报单晚数据和两晚数据有什么不同呢？

    If you report “new” objects as two nights of observation in a single message, those observations are passed straight to the designating routines once it has been determined that they do not belong to some already-known object. 
    如果你在一次上报中报了一个新目标的两个晚上的数据，且该报告经过核实后报告的不是已知的目标，那么，这个报告将直接发送到相关程序并授予临时编号。Note that if you have used data from some other observer in order to make your two nights of observation, you are considered to be doing follow-up on behalf of that other observer and you are expected to indicate this fact in your message. 
    请注意，如果你为了获得两晚的数据而使用了其他观测地的数据，你应该在相关信息中反映出你有使用别人观测地数据的权利，这样我们才会考虑继续处理你的数据。

    If you report “new” objects as single nighters, once it is has been determined that they do not belong to some already-known object, the observations are passed to routines that try to link the observations to other recent single-nighter objects. Only if a link is found do the observations get passed to the designating routines (although they first again go through the checking routines). 
    如果你在一次上报中报了一个新目标的单晚数据，且经过确定不是已知的目标，该上报将通过程序计算与近来的其他的单晚数据进行联系。只有这种联系可以建立起来，你的上报才可能通过编号授予程序。（虽然它们曾经过第一轮的程序检测）

    Note that if the automatic processing routines (APRs) determine that the two nights attributed by an observer to a presumed single object do not in fact appear to belong to the same object, the observations of that object will be returned to the observer and will not get processed further. This splitting of nights may occur if the APR determine that the two nights do not belong to the same object or if the observations are of such low-quality that the validity of the night-to-night linkage cannot be guaranteed. 
    请注意，如果自动处理程序（APRs）发现你上报的两晚的数据并不是同一个目标，报告将退回给你而不做进一步的处理。这种事情也可能是由于你的观测报告的质量过低，导致程序无法很确定地将几个晚上的数据联系起来。

  • Who gets credit when single nighters are linked?如果你的单晚数据和别人的数据有联系，谁将被认证？

    If one of your single nighters is linked to someone else’s single nighter, the credit for the discovery is given to the chronologically earliest observation. If earlier undesignated observations are subsequently located (these will often be isolated observations), the discovery credit does not change. 
    如果你的某个单晚数据和别人的单晚数据联系起来了，认证将给予最先发现的报告。如果最早的曾经没有授予临时编号的那个观测是随后得到证实的，认证仍然不改变。Note that this linking process requires the earlier observations to be of good quality (the automated routines currently reject linkages where one or more observations appear to be off by 1″.5 or more). 
    需要注意的是，这种联系的数据要求早期的报告质量必须足够高（自动处理程序对于一个或多个观测数据偏差超过1″.5的，一般都是拒绝联系处理的）

  • What objects go on to the NEOCP?什么样的目标将继续出现再NEOCP（近地小行星等待确认网页）

    The objects that go on to the NEO Confirmation Page are those objects which, on the basis of their motion or orbit, appear to be NEOs. Objects that are suspected of being comets also appear. 
    出现在NEOCP上的目标一般从运动和轨道来看是近地小行星，如果怀疑是彗星也会出现在NEOCP。When removed from the NEOCP, the objects that get put on to MPECs are as follows: 
    确认的NEOCP目标，最终出现在MPECs上有以下特征：

    • Any object with perihelion distance less than 1.3 AU 
      近日距小于1.3天文单位
    • Any object with an perihelion distance beyond 5.5 AU 
      近日距大于5.5天文单位
    • “Main-belt” objects with inclinations above 40 degrees 
      如果是主带小行星，轨道倾角大于40度
    • “Main-belt” objects with eccentricities above 0.5 
      如果是主带小行星，偏心率大于0.5

    In the past, objects with perihelia beyond 1.3 AU and eccentricities between 0.4 and 0.5 might appear on an MPEC if there was not much activity. This was deemed to be somewhat arbitrary (particularly in light of the fact that the major surveys were counting how many discovery MPECs they had!), therefore the lower limit for inclusion was raised to 0.5.
    在过去，近日距超过1.3天文单位，偏心率在0.4到0.5之间的目标，如果它们不是很活跃，也可以出现在MPEC上，这被认为有些不妥（尤其是有些搜索计划来计算自己有多少目标出现在MPEC上时），因此，偏心率被最终定位不小于0.5。

    If it turns out that an NEOCP object is identical to an object that has already received a provisional designation that has been published in the MPCs and the MPSs (i.e., the permanent publications), the observations that have already been published are not republished on the MPEC announcing the object (i.e., a temporary publication). Such cases are indicated by the lack of a discovery asterisk amongst the listed observations and the use of ‘Additional observations’ as a heading, rather than ‘Observations’.
    如果新发现的NEOCP目标是一个已经发布在MPCs和MPSs 上，有过临时编号的目标，那么该目标将不再被再次发布再MPEC上（或其他临时出版物）。其中原因是因为代表首次发现的*符号只能用一个，而我们会在前面用“附加观测报告”的形式做说明。

  • How do I understand the designations the Center sends me?我如何理解小行星中心给我的确认编号信？

    If you have `new’ objects you will receive a list matching your temporary designations to official provisional or permanent designations. Here is a (ficticious) sample assumed to have been sent in Feb. 1999, showing most of the probable forms: 
    如果你有一个新发现，你将收到一个你的编号和MPC所给的临时或永久编号的对应。 以下是一个例子，假定发生在1999年2月：

       By0001   (03244
   ByLa01    J99A18T
   ByLa02   (J81U78A
   By0004   (By0003
   By0003   (J99A08H

    This may be interpreted as follows: By0001 is the numbered object (3244); ByLa01 is a new object 1999 AT18 that is credited to Byers and Langly; ByLa02 is the known unnumbered object 1981 UA78; By0003 and By0004 refer to the same object, now designated 1999 AH8, which is a recent discovery by another team. 
    以上例子的意思是：By0001是一个已经得到永久编号的小行星（3244）；ByLa01是一个新发现，已经授予临时编号1999 AT18，发现权归Byers和Langly；ByLa02是一个已知的获得过临时编号1981 UA78的小行星；By0003和By0004是同一个目标，不久前才被别人发现，临时编号为1999 AH8。In short, provisional and permanent designations not prefaced with `(‘ are your discoveries. Provisional and permanent designations will be in the packed form, as used on the observation record. 
    简单的说，在临时或永久编号前没有没有“（”符号的就是你的发现。临时或永久编号的命名格式请访问这里。

    New designations are not assigned to objects observed on only one night, although you may receive designations if such objects can be identified with already-known objects. 
    单晚的观测数据将不会授予临时编号，虽然你可能会受到回复说是个已知的目标。

    Observers with at least one discovery credit may request the (roughly) monthly receipt of a DISCSTATUS report, which lists their discoveries, as well the current disposition of each object. Requests to be added to the mailing list for DISCSTATUS reports should be made to the normal submission address (subject line should be “DISCSTATUS” and the message should indicate to which e-mail address the report is to be mailed). 
    如果你有了一个临时编号的目标被授予了，那么你可以申请一个大约是每个月发出的“发现状况”业务报告，在这个报告信里，你可以了解到你的所有发现目标的状况。“发现状况”报告申请将被放到一个邮件列表中，你需要一个标准的上报邮件地址（标题需要写上”DISCSTATUS”，内容里请简要说明报告需要发到哪个EMAIL地址）。

  • How long does it take to assign a new provisional designation?确认一个新的发现需要多长时间？

    The time delay between your submission of “new” objects and your receipt of the designations corresponding or newly-assigned to your objects is variable. If things are relatively quiet at the MPC, you may receive designations back within a matter of minutes. In other cases, it may be more than 24 hours or more before you receive anything. 
    时间的长短决定于你上报的新目标数据对应的好坏以及认证的优先级别。如果MPC的工作人员相对比较清闲，那么你可能会在几分钟内获得临时编号。否则，你可能会等待24小时或更长的时间。Note that objects that are placed on the NEO Confirmation Page will not be assigned designations until they are removed from the page. 
    请注意，在NEOCP上的目标知道它们不出现在NEOCP后才会给临时编号。

    If observations are received at the MPC before 4 p.m. local time, we try, but cannot guarantee, to assign new designations that same day. 
    如果观测报告在当地时间下午4点前上报，我们将尽量在当天给出临时编号，但不保证。

    Note that all newly-assigned designations are provisional: they are only finalised when the observations are published in the next MPS batch. Each month a number of newly-assigned designations are retracted before the observations are published: such designations are flagged as being “omitted”. 
    请注意，所有的编号都是临时的：只有当下一次MPS上发布了你的观测，临时编号才被确认下来，每个月，在正式发布前都有很多新给的临时编号被撤消，这些编号也将被表明“忽略”。

  • What’s the best way to follow-up a new discovery?发现一个新目标后最佳的持续观测是什么？

    After the initial two nights, wait for a week or ten days, then obtain another pair of nights a day or two apart (ephemerides can be generated using the Minor Planet Ephemeris Service）. There really is no point in following a new object night after night. Further observations can then be made between fifteen and twenty days after discovery (if the Moon permits). Further pairs of nights of observations can be obtained in following months for as long as the object is visible and remains unidentified. 
    在初始的两晚观测后，等待一周或10天，再获取另一对连续夜晚的观测或两个分离的夜晚的观测（可以使用 Minor Planet Ephemeris Service计算星历表）。没必要每晚都去观测它。如果月光允许，延续观测可在发现后的15到20天内完成。进一步的连续两晚的延续观测可以在之后的几个月继续进行直到这个目标还可以被找到并且没有给正式编号。See also… 
    更多访问这里

  • What about coverage on a single night?在一个晚上的观测数据中至少要延续多长的观测时间？

    You should always supply at least two observations of each object on each night. If you are observing objects in dense starfields, you should plan your observing session with this recommendation in mind. 
    你应该对一个目标每晚至少观测两个点，如果你观测恒星密集区，请注意安排好你的观测计划和间隔。Note that for new objects, it is imperative that you get at least 30 minutes of coverage on each of the nights. As a general rule, the MPC will not assign designations to MB objects observed on only two nights where the coverage on one or both nights is less than 15 minutes. 
    请注意，对于新目标，你必须每晚覆盖不少于30分钟的观测时间。一般地，对于那些主带天体观测，如果只有两晚的数据，且其中一晚或两晚观测时间少于15分钟，MPC不会给临时编号。

  • What if I can’t follow-up a new discovery?如果我无法对我发现的新目标持续观测该如何办？

    If you observe an object on one night and are not able to obtain a second night within a week or so, you should report these “One-Night Stands”. 
    如果你观测到一个目标，但只能获得一晚，在一周左右的时间内无法获得第二晚的数据，你应该用”One-Night Stands”上报。The observations will be subject to the normal checking procedures of the Minor Planet Center but will be published only if they can be identified with some already-designated object. They are then checked against recent one-night stands. If a match is found the object can receive a designation. The discovery will be credited to the earlier observation: if earlier undesignated observations are then identified, the discovery credit does not change. If no match is forthcoming, the one-night stand observations are filed. These files are checked regularly against new orbits and matches are extracted and published under the already-assigned designation. 
    观测数据将被MPC的检测程序做常规的处理，但只有当这个目标是已经获得编号的目标时才会被发布。它们将被同近来的单晚数据做核对。如果确实能找到对应，才可以获得临时编号。发现权归较早的观测者：如果较早的没有给编号的观测目标被授予编号，那么发现权将不做改变。如果没有匹配的单晚数据，这个数据将被存挡，这些数据将定期的提取出来用于匹配那些已经获得编号的目标的轨道数据。

    If you wish someone else to follow-up your new discovery, you should use the New Object Ephemeris Generator to generate ephemerides to enable your colleague to find the object after the first night. 
    如果你希望其他人来持续观测你发现的目标，你应该使用“新目标星历表发生器”去产生星历表好让你的合作者在第一晚后去发现它。

    If someone does follow-up for your new objects, you will get credit for the discovery even if you have obtained only one night’s observations. However, there is nothing preventing your colleague from getting two nights on your new object and then reporting it to us as a new object. In such a case, credit will be given to your colleague. For this reason, you should not distribute observations of the new object and you should only send ephemerides to colleagues that you trust. 
    如果确实有人延续了你的新目标的观测，你将继续获得该天体的发现权，虽然你只上报了单晚的数据。然而，你也无法阻止你的合作者们把它作为一个新目标用两晚数据上报。在这种情况下，发现权将给你的合作者。出于这个原因，你不要随便发布你的发现，除非给那些你非常信任的合作者。

  • Should I separate my comet and minor-planet observations when submitting them?在上报的时候，我是否需要将彗星和小行星测量数据分开上报？

    The automated processing routines now in use at the MPC have recently been rewritten. The assignment of different types of objects to various queues for processing is automatic and based on the orbit corresponding to the designation assigned to each observation. Observations of different types of objects may now be freely mixed. 
    MPC的自动处理程序已经被重写。 不同类型的目标现在可以一起上报了，不同的目标将按照不同的轨道特性做区别处理并授予不同的编号。It is recommended, however, that if you are reporting a possible new NEO, that you include “NEOCP” in the subject line of your e-mail (alternatives are “NEO” or “FMO”). Possible new comets (that are not on the NEOCP) should have “COMET” in the subject line. Similarly, use “TNO” or “SAT” for batches containing observations of potential new TNOs or natural satellites. 
    然而，我们还是建议，如果你上报的可能是一个新的NEO，你最好在EMAIL的标题里写上“NEOCP”（也可以是”NEO”或”FMO”）。如果可能是颗彗星（在NEOCP里没有出现），那最好在EMAIL的标题里写上”COMET”。同样的，使用”TNO”或”SAT”表示海王外天体或天然卫星。

  • Should I check my observations before reporting them to the Center?在上报之前，我是否需要核对我的测量数据？

    Observer checking does not need to be anything more than checking that what you actually send is what you meant to send! Checking of designations, observation dates and times, positions and the format is advisable. We do notrecommend that you check the residuals of your observations before submitting them. 
    观测者仅仅需要核对的就是你所提交的报告。检查编号，观测时间和日期，地点，有效的上报格式。我们不建议你在上报前核对你的测量误差。If observers decide to check the residuals for known objects prior to submission, they are advised to use the consistency of the residuals (particularly night-to-night), rather than the size of them, as the discriminator for rejecting observations. 
    如果观测者打算在上报前核对已知天体的测量误差，我们在取舍数据的时候尽量考虑到误差的一直性（尤其是多晚的数据），而不仅仅考虑偏差的多少。

    A careful observer with normal equipment is quite capable of obtaining nightly measures that are consistent to within a few tenths of a second of arc. 
    一个使用标准设备的细心的观测者可以很容易将多晚的数据误差控制在一角秒的十分之几。

  • How quickly are observations processed by the MPC?MPC处理我的观测数据一般需要多长时间？

    In general, observation batches are processed by the MPC as soon as resources are available, in the order in which the observation batches were received. In order to utilise the resources of the MPC in the most efficient manner, different priorities are attached to the processing of different classes of observation. Processing priority is in the following order: 
    通常，MPC会按照接收到的数据顺序尽量快地处理你的有效的观测数据，为了更有效的利用MPC所提供的各种资源，不同种类的观测数据会有不同的优先权。优先的顺序如下：

    1. “New” FMOs, comets and potential NEOs/unusual objects, suitable for posting on the NEO Confirmation Page.
    2. Follow-up observations of NEOCP objects.
    3. Other NEO observations.
    4. Survey observations from last night and recent non-survey material.
    5. Older non-survey material.
    6. Survey observations from before last night.

    Observations that are not submitted in the proper format are subject to delay. 
    1、新的FMOs，彗星和潜在的NEOs或非常规目标，适合放在NEOCP上的目标。
    2、延续观测的在NEOCP上的目标。
    3、其他NEO天体。
    4、上一晚的常规巡天观测数据以及近期的非巡天数据。
    5、以前的非巡天观测数据
    6、上一晚前的常规巡天观测数据。
    观测报告如果格式有问题，将被延期到最后处理。

    Note that the different processing classes are dealt with at different rates. This should not affect the order in which “new” objects are processed. 
    请注意，不同类型的的处理速度是不同的，无论有无新目标，这个顺序不受影响。

  • What’s the best way to get my discovery numbered?让我发现的小行星获得正式编号的最佳方法是什么？

    The first requirement for getting your discovery numbered is to ensure that the observations at the discovery opposition cover a sufficient arc to enable recovery at a subsequent or previous opposition. 
    首要条件是你的发现应该覆盖足够的轨道角度从而可以在之前或之后的冲日中找到它。Once identified (or recovered as a result of a direct search), observations should be made on pairs on nights in each of two darkruns surrounding each opposition until the object is numbered. For main-belt objects this can occur after the object has been observed on two or more nights at four oppositions (although this depends on the number and distribution [preferably two nights in each of two dark runs at each opposition] of the observations as well as their quality); NEOs can receive a number after two or three well-observed oppositions. In addition, objects to be numbered require the uncertainty parameter, U, must be less than or equal to two. 
    一旦获得临时编号（或者在直接搜索中重复发现），则需要在每个冲日来临之时取得连续两晚的观测数据，直到它被正式编号。对于主带小行星，只要在4个冲日内观测到两个或更多的夜晚（虽然这依赖观测的数量和分配以及观测的质量[最好是每个冲日观测两晚]），就可以获得正式编号；对于近地小行星，只要获得两个或三个比较好的冲日数据，就可以获得正式编号。当然，所有的能获得正式编号的目标都要求不确定参数U小于或等于2。

    The selection of objects for numbering is an automatic process performed just before the preparation of each batch of MPCs. There is no need to ask us “What do I need to do to get such-and-such numbered?”. Simply follow the guideline above and the object will be numbered when it is ready. Objects that are ready for numbering are selected by an automatic procedure shortly before the preparation of each batch of MPCs. 
    我们选择被正式编号的小行星是通过一个自动程序完成的，在每批次的MPCs准备前，程序都会做这样的工作，你没必要问我们“为了得到某个正式编号，我下一步该如何做？”。只要符合以上所说的规则，到时候会给正式编号的。

  • When can I name my discovery?我什么时候可以为我的发现命名？

    Names for minor planets are proposed by the discoverer of a specific object after the object is numbered. Proposals are accompanied by a brief citation explaining the reasons for the naming. 
    当你的小行星被授予正式编号后，你就可以提议对该天体命名。提议中你需要以摘要的形式写明命名的原因。Proposed names are judged by the fifteen-member Committee on Small Body Nomenclature (CSBN) of the International Astronomical Union. Except in very unusual circumstances, new names may not be assigned until a minimum of two months have elapsed since the objects were numbered. If the CSBN has objections to the name or the accompanying citation, this process can take much longer. 
    提议将给属于国际天文联合会的由15人组成的小天体命名委员会审核。除了一些特殊情况，在正式编号给出的两个月内是不会给予名字的。如果小天体命名委员会对名称或者对其说明有异议，命名的过程会更长些。

    Names become official when they are published in the Minor Planet Circulars. Note that the CSBN condemns the preannouncement of names, even if any such preannouncement indicates that a name is only a proposal. 
    当名称发布在MPCs上时，命名才正式生效。注意到小天体命名委员会不愿意看到任何形式的事先宣告，包括命名建议的事先宣告。

    When several provisional designations belong to the same numbered minor planet, one of these provisional designations is defined as the prinicipal designations (this is decided when the object is first identified) and it is the discoverer of this principally-designated object that is defined as the discoverer of the numbered object. 
    当几个临时编号的目标最终确定其实是同一个已经获得正式编号的目标时，那么其中有一个临时编号被定义为主要编号（就是第一个报告该目标并获得临时编号的那个），这个主要编号的观测者拥有该天体的命名权。

    An alphabetical list of current minor planet names is available. A list of the discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets is available. 
    这里是按字母顺序的小行星名称列表。这里是正式编号的小行星发现状况列表。

  • What names are acceptable?什么样的名字是可以被认可的？

    There are prohibitions against suggesting names of individuals, places or events with military or political connections unless at least 100 years have passed since the individual died or the event occurred. This means that names from the 20th century’s two World Wars are not yet acceptable. Names that are offensive are also disallowed. 
    不允许用与军事或政治相关的人、事件或地点命名，除非它们已经超过100年的历史或人物已经去世100年以上。比如第二次世界大站中的历史人物就不可以被命名。带有攻击性或无理的名称也是不允许的。Other than those restrictions, almost any other type of name is acceptable. 
    除了以上这些限制，几乎其他所有的类型的名字都是可以接受的。

    Names should not be too similar to an existing name. In order to check whether your proposed name (or one very similar) has been used already, consult the the alphabetical list of minor-planet names and use your browser’s ‘Find’ facility.
    名字不应该与现有的名字太相象。为了查看你命名的名字是否已经被使用（或与其他已经命名的相似），请访问按字母顺序的小行星名称列表，并使用浏览器提供的“搜索”功能。

    Names should preferably be one word. For individuals, use the surname (family name) if possible. If you run two or more parts of a individual’s name together to make the name, do not use mid-word capitalization. Proposers should remember that names of minor planets are not the same as the names of people. Ideally, if a name is to honor a person, it should simply “suggest” that person, in a manner that is as unobtrusive as possible. 
    名字最好是一个单词。如果可能，最好使用姓。如果你打算用人名命名，请不要在中间使用大写字母。申请人应该知道给小行星命名和给人取名字不一样。理想地，如果你是为了表达对某人的尊敬，那么取的名字应该至少能以一种合理、礼貌且不拘泥的方式暗示代表这个人。

    Please remember that the purpose of naming minor planets is for identification, not commemoration. 
    请记住，命名小行星的主要目的只是为了好辨认而不是为了纪念。

  • How do I write the citation and submit the name?我该如何写申请命名报告？

    Each new name proposal from a discoverer of a numbered minor planet is accompanied by a brief citation, describing why the particular name is being bestowed. Citations should be brief and to the point. A four-line limit (as printed in the MPCs) on the body of each citation has been imposed. Avoid making political, controversial or posturing statements in the citation. 
    没个被发现者命名的编号小行星都应该有一段概述，用以描述该小行星的名字为何被如此命名。概述必须简单扼要说明问题，不能超过4行以便MPCs发布。在申请中避免使用政治的、有争议的或声明等等叙述。Note that the CSBN reserves the right to edit the citation for publication. 
    注意到，小行星命名委员会保留进一步编辑发布申请的权利。

    There is a special format for submitting names. This format is necessary to expedite processing of the proposal. The first line consist of an “index entry” containing the proposed name, the number of the object to which the name is to be applied and a very short summary of the citation. Then follows a blank line. Then the citation in the form that it will appear in the MPCs. Single name proposals or batches of proposals should be e-mailed to mpc@cfa.harvard.edu. 
    申请命名有一种特殊的格式。正确使用这个格式是顺利处理申请的必要条件。第一行由三部分索引组成——名称，小行星编号以及非常简要的说明。然后空一行。最后是将发布在MPCs上的说明。单一的申请或多个一批的申请请发送到这个EMAIL地址mpc@cfa.harvard.edu.

    The index line can extend to column 80, but the other lines should not go beyond column 78. Lines should have ragged-right margins (i.e, do not right-justify the lines), neither should words be hyphenated across line breaks. Submitted files should be plain ASCII: do not send any kind of WP/DTP/HTML file! Diacritical marks should be indicated in the TeX format. 
    第一行可以扩展写到第80列，但其他行最多不能超过78列。每行的右边并不需要对齐，也不要使用单词连字符分割单词换行。申请文件需要使用无格式的ASCII文件：不要使用任何形式的WP/DTP/HTML文件！附加及特殊符号的写法见TeX format。

    This is best illustrated with a couple of examples from the batch of names in the 2000 Jan. 24 batch of MPCs (the column ruler at the top is simply to show you where the entries in the index line fall: e.g., the index description begins in column 31 and the number ends in column 27): 
    以下是两个例子，发生在2000年1月24日发布的MPCs上（在最上面的列数编号是为了方便看出各个信息的位置，比如小行星编号在27列结束，名称的索引描述从31列开始）：

             1         2         3         4         5         6         7         8
12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890

Flagsymphony           6582   Flagstaff Symphony Orchestra

(6582) Flagsymphony = 1981 VS
     Discovered 1985 Nov. 5 by E. Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station of
the Lowell Observatory.
     The Flagstaff Symphony Orchestra is celebrating its 50th season in
1999-2000.  It is considered by many to be the best symphony orchestra in
a small community in the U.S.A.

Baton Rouge           11739   Louisiana state capital

(11739) Baton Rouge = 1998 SG27
     Discovered 1998 Sept. 25 by W. R. Cooney, Jr. and M. Collier at Baton
Rouge.
     Baton Rouge, the Louisiana state capital, is located on the banks of
the Mississippi river and derives its name, French for ``red stick'', from
an Indian marker at the site seen by a French expedition in 1699.  The
city is home to the Highland Road Park Observatory, where this minor planet
was discovered.
  • When printed in the MPCs the example citations above took up 2.2 and 3.8 lines, respectively.
    当它们被发布在MPCs上的时候，以上的说明分别引用了2.2行和3.8行。It there are multiple names being proposed at the same time, each index-citation block is separated from other blocks by a blank line, as in the example above. 
    如果一次申请多个小行星的命名，每个申请间用空行隔开，就像上面的这个例子一样。Submitted citations are subject to editing. 
    申请将有可能被重新编辑。

  • How long does it take for a name to be approved?命名被认可需要多长时间？

    Typically, new batches of minor-planet names appear in alternate batches of Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs). Batches of new name proposals are sent to the CSBN every two months. All accepted names from the batches sent to the committee will appear in the next batch of MPCs. There is no set deadline for submitting names. If you want a name to appear in a particular MPC batch you should submit the name at least ten weeks in advance. Note that appearance in any particular batch cannot be guaranteed, especially if there are problems with the name or citation. 
    典型的，新命名的小行星不断出现在Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs)上。申请命名的报告每两个月往CSBN提交一次。所有被认可的命名 发布在下一批的MPCs上。申请命名没有时间限制，如果你打算在某期MPCs上出现你申请的命名，你至少需要提前10周提出申请。我们不保证你的申请会在哪一批的MPCs上出现，尤其是在名称或说明上如果还存在问题的话。

  • What happens to accepted observations?观测数据被接受后会发生什么？

    Observations are published in the monthly Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs) (and on the occasional Minor Planet Electronic Circulars). Early observations of new comets may be published in the International Astronomical Union Circulars. 
    观测报告会发布在每月出版的上Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs)（偶尔也会出现在Minor Planet Electronic Circulars上）。 新彗星的早期观测报告可能会发布在International Astronomical Union Circulars上。From time to time, the question arises as to whether inclusion of observations in the MPCs can be construed as publication in the `refereed’ astronomical literature. The Minor Planet Center stresses most emphatically that astrometric observations of comets and minor planets submitted for publication in the MPCs are indeed subjected to close, critical study, and that erroneous observations are returned to their authors for amendment. Particular care is taken to ensure that all observations presented are correctly identified. The MPCs are designed specifically to handle the publication of astrometric observations of comets and minor planets and there is no need also to publish in other journals. 
    有时，有问题问在MPCs上发布的观测数据是否可以作为天文参考文献被引用。小行星中心对在发布在 MPCs上的关于彗星和小行星的观测数据很有信心，可以完全用于任何严谨的科学研究，错误的观测报告在发布前已经退回给作者并要求改正。MPCs发布的关于彗星和小行星的天文观测数据都经过仔细的确认，也没有必要在其他刊物上重新发布。

  • What is the purpose of the contact details?要求填写详细联系方式的目的是什么？

    The contact details as published in the MPCs for each observatory code are intended as a contact point for persons with queries regarding a specific program. The contact address does not have to be the street address of the observatory. For professional programs it should be noted that the contact details are NOT intended to be a list of P.I.s on the project. 
    在MPCs中公布了每个观测站的详细联系方式以方便对该观测报告有疑问或兴趣的人直接取得联系。详细联系地址并不需要详细到街道。对于专业的项目，可以不必写清具体的地址。The contact details MUST include:

    • the name of a person connected with the program (who is willing to answer queries about the presented observations)
    • a snail-mail address for that person (this can be a P.O. Box)
    • an e-mail address for that person

    Information on how to specify the contact address (as well as names of observers and measurers) is available.
    详细地址必须包括以下几项：
    观测地的联系人姓名（可以解答任何有关自己观测数据的人）
    联系人的通讯地址
    联系人的EMAIL地址
    关于如何填写观测者和测量者的详细联系方式信息，请访问这里。

  • What (p)recovered objects get MPECs?重复发现或前期发现将如何在MPEC被确定？

    In order to qualify for a special MPEC, (p)recovered NEAs must have been observed on two or more nights. Single-night (p)recoveries will simply appear on the next DOU MPEC (assuming that the observations actually fit). 
    为了获得一个特殊的MPEC，重复发现或前期发现的近地小行星必须观测两晚或更多晚的数据。单晚的数据将仅出现在下一次的DOU MPEC上（如果数据确实吻合）。Precovery refers to the identification of images of a single-apparition object at an earlier opposition.
    前期发现指的是在前几个冲日的该天体的数据。

  • I’m interested in photometry…我对光度测定有兴趣，那么……

    A good guide to minor planet photometry is available from Brian Warner. 
    这里有个很好的小行星光度测量指南，作者是Brian Warner。

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